For decades, the economic prosperity of the Gulf states has been inextricably linked to oil and gas exports. These resources have fueled rapid development, infrastructure expansion, and geopolitical influence. However, as global demand for fossil fuels slows in response to climate change initiatives, net-zero commitments, and carbon pricing mechanisms, the Gulf states must adapt or risk economic stagnation.

The global energy landscape is undergoing a seismic shift as countries seek cleaner, more sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Hydrogen has emerged as one of the most promising solutions, capable of decarbonizing industries, replacing natural gas, and powering the world’s future energy networks. As the global race for hydrogen leadership accelerates, the Gulf states—Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE—are stepping up as major players in this emerging economy.

In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), power dynamics have shifted significantly since the Abraham Accords were signed in late 2020 between Israel, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Prior to the Accords, the Arab world at large maintained leverage over Israel in its near universal rejection of the Jewish State and support for the Palestinian cause. The Arab world’s unanimity led the charge to boycott all Israeli goods, delegitimize its right to exist in the court of public opinion, and counter Israel militarily whether by proxy or in direct conflict.